Python: built-in module builtins

builtins

index
(built-in)

Built-in functions, types, exceptions, and other objects.

This module provides direct access to all 'built-in'
identifiers of Python; for example, builtins.len is
the full name for the built-in function len().

This module is not normally accessed explicitly by most
applications, but can be useful in modules that provide
objects with the same name as a built-in value, but in
which the built-in of that name is also needed.

Classes

object

BaseException

BaseExceptionGroup

ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)

Exception

ArithmeticError

FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError

ModuleNotFoundError

LookupError

IndexError
KeyError

MemoryError

NameError

UnboundLocalError

OSError

BlockingIOError

ChildProcessError

ConnectionError

BrokenPipeError
ConnectionAbortedError
ConnectionRefusedError
ConnectionResetError

FileExistsError

FileNotFoundError

InterruptedError

IsADirectoryError

NotADirectoryError

PermissionError

ProcessLookupError

TimeoutError

ReferenceError

RuntimeError

NotImplementedError
PythonFinalizationError
RecursionError

StopAsyncIteration

StopIteration

SyntaxError

IndentationError

TabError

UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError

Warning

BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EncodingWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
ResourceWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning

GeneratorExit

KeyboardInterrupt

bool

class ArithmeticError(Exception)

Base class for arithmetic errors.

Method resolution order:: ArithmeticError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class AssertionError(Exception)

Assertion failed.

Method resolution order:: AssertionError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class AttributeError(Exception)

Attribute not found.

Method resolution order:: AttributeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__getstate__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors defined here:

name: attribute name

obj: object

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BaseException(object)

Common base class for all exceptions

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BaseExceptionGroup(BaseException)

A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions.

Method resolution order:: BaseExceptionGroup; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

derive(self, object, /)

split(self, object, /)

subgroup(self, object, /)

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

exceptions: nested exceptions

message: exception message

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BlockingIOError(OSError)

I/O operation would block.

Method resolution order:: BlockingIOError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BrokenPipeError(ConnectionError)

Broken pipe.

Method resolution order:: BrokenPipeError; ConnectionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BufferError(Exception)

Buffer error.

Method resolution order:: BufferError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class BytesWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about bytes and buffer related problems, mostly
related to conversion from str or comparing to str.

Method resolution order:: BytesWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ChildProcessError(OSError)

Child process error.

Method resolution order:: ChildProcessError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ConnectionAbortedError(ConnectionError)

Connection aborted.

Method resolution order:: ConnectionAbortedError; ConnectionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ConnectionError(OSError)

Connection error.

Method resolution order:: ConnectionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ConnectionRefusedError(ConnectionError)

Connection refused.

Method resolution order:: ConnectionRefusedError; ConnectionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ConnectionResetError(ConnectionError)

Connection reset.

Method resolution order:: ConnectionResetError; ConnectionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class DeprecationWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about deprecated features.

Method resolution order:: DeprecationWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class EOFError(Exception)

Read beyond end of file.

Method resolution order:: EOFError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class EncodingWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about encodings.

Method resolution order:: EncodingWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

EnvironmentError = class OSError(Exception)

Base class for I/O related errors.

Method resolution order:: OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class Exception(BaseException)

Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.

Method resolution order:: Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup, Exception)

Method resolution order:: ExceptionGroup; BaseExceptionGroup; Exception; BaseException; object

Data descriptors defined here:

__weakref__: list of weak references to the object

Methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

derive(self, object, /)

split(self, object, /)

subgroup(self, object, /)

Class methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseExceptionGroup: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseExceptionGroup:

exceptions: nested exceptions

message: exception message

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class FileExistsError(OSError)

File already exists.

Method resolution order:: FileExistsError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class FileNotFoundError(OSError)

File not found.

Method resolution order:: FileNotFoundError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError)

Floating-point operation failed.

Method resolution order:: FloatingPointError; ArithmeticError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class FutureWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically
in the future.

Method resolution order:: FutureWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class GeneratorExit(BaseException)

Request that a generator exit.

Method resolution order:: GeneratorExit; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

IOError = class OSError(Exception)

Base class for I/O related errors.

Method resolution order:: OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ImportError(Exception)

Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.

Method resolution order:: ImportError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors defined here:

msg: exception message

name: module name

name_from: name imported from module

path: module path

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ImportWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports

Method resolution order:: ImportWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class IndentationError(SyntaxError)

Improper indentation.

Method resolution order:: IndentationError; SyntaxError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from SyntaxError:

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:

end_lineno: exception end lineno

end_offset: exception end offset

filename: exception filename

lineno: exception lineno

msg: exception msg

offset: exception offset

print_file_and_line: exception print_file_and_line

text: exception text

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class IndexError(LookupError)

Sequence index out of range.

Method resolution order:: IndexError; LookupError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class InterruptedError(OSError)

Interrupted by signal.

Method resolution order:: InterruptedError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class IsADirectoryError(OSError)

Operation doesn't work on directories.

Method resolution order:: IsADirectoryError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class KeyError(LookupError)

Mapping key not found.

Method resolution order:: KeyError; LookupError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from LookupError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of LookupError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class KeyboardInterrupt(BaseException)

Program interrupted by user.

Method resolution order:: KeyboardInterrupt; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class LookupError(Exception)

Base class for lookup errors.

Method resolution order:: LookupError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class MemoryError(Exception)

Out of memory.

Method resolution order:: MemoryError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError)

Module not found.

Method resolution order:: ModuleNotFoundError; ImportError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from ImportError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors inherited from ImportError:

msg: exception message

name: module name

name_from: name imported from module

path: module path

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class NameError(Exception)

Name not found globally.

Method resolution order:: NameError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors defined here:

name: name

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class NotADirectoryError(OSError)

Operation only works on directories.

Method resolution order:: NotADirectoryError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class NotImplementedError(RuntimeError)

Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.

Method resolution order:: NotImplementedError; RuntimeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class OSError(Exception)

Base class for I/O related errors.

Method resolution order:: OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class OverflowError(ArithmeticError)

Result too large to be represented.

Method resolution order:: OverflowError; ArithmeticError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class PendingDeprecationWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated
in the future.

Method resolution order:: PendingDeprecationWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class PermissionError(OSError)

Not enough permissions.

Method resolution order:: PermissionError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ProcessLookupError(OSError)

Process not found.

Method resolution order:: ProcessLookupError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class PythonFinalizationError(RuntimeError)

Operation blocked during Python finalization.

Method resolution order:: PythonFinalizationError; RuntimeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class RecursionError(RuntimeError)

Recursion limit exceeded.

Method resolution order:: RecursionError; RuntimeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ReferenceError(Exception)

Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.

Method resolution order:: ReferenceError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ResourceWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about resource usage.

Method resolution order:: ResourceWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class RuntimeError(Exception)

Unspecified run-time error.

Method resolution order:: RuntimeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class RuntimeWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.

Method resolution order:: RuntimeWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class StopAsyncIteration(Exception)

Signal the end from iterator.__anext__().

Method resolution order:: StopAsyncIteration; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class StopIteration(Exception)

Signal the end from iterator.__next__().

Method resolution order:: StopIteration; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

value: generator return value

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class SyntaxError(Exception)

Invalid syntax.

Method resolution order:: SyntaxError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors defined here:

end_lineno: exception end lineno

end_offset: exception end offset

filename: exception filename

lineno: exception lineno

msg: exception msg

offset: exception offset

print_file_and_line: exception print_file_and_line

text: exception text

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class SyntaxWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.

Method resolution order:: SyntaxWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class SystemError(Exception)

Internal error in the Python interpreter.

Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback,
the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.

Method resolution order:: SystemError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class SystemExit(BaseException)

Request to exit from the interpreter.

Method resolution order:: SystemExit; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

code: exception code

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Static methods inherited from BaseException:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of BaseException: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class TabError(IndentationError)

Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.

Method resolution order:: TabError; IndentationError; SyntaxError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from SyntaxError:

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:

end_lineno: exception end lineno

end_offset: exception end offset

filename: exception filename

lineno: exception lineno

msg: exception msg

offset: exception offset

print_file_and_line: exception print_file_and_line

text: exception text

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class TimeoutError(OSError)

Timeout expired.

Method resolution order:: TimeoutError; OSError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from OSError:

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods inherited from OSError:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of OSError: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors inherited from OSError:

characters_written

errno: POSIX exception code

filename: exception filename

filename2: second exception filename

strerror: exception strerror

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class TypeError(Exception)

Inappropriate argument type.

Method resolution order:: TypeError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnboundLocalError(NameError)

Local name referenced but not bound to a value.

Method resolution order:: UnboundLocalError; NameError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from NameError:

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Data descriptors inherited from NameError:

name: name

Static methods inherited from Exception:

__new__(*args, **kwargs) class method of Exception: Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeError)

Unicode decoding error.

Method resolution order:: UnicodeDecodeError; UnicodeError; ValueError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

encoding: exception encoding

end: exception end

object: exception object

reason: exception reason

start: exception start

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnicodeEncodeError(UnicodeError)

Unicode encoding error.

Method resolution order:: UnicodeEncodeError; UnicodeError; ValueError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

encoding: exception encoding

end: exception end

object: exception object

reason: exception reason

start: exception start

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnicodeError(ValueError)

Unicode related error.

Method resolution order:: UnicodeError; ValueError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnicodeTranslateError(UnicodeError)

Unicode translation error.

Method resolution order:: UnicodeTranslateError; UnicodeError; ValueError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

encoding: exception encoding

end: exception end

object: exception object

reason: exception reason

start: exception start

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UnicodeWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings about Unicode related problems, mostly
related to conversion problems.

Method resolution order:: UnicodeWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class UserWarning(Warning)

Base class for warnings generated by user code.

Method resolution order:: UserWarning; Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ValueError(Exception)

Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).

Method resolution order:: ValueError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class Warning(Exception)

Base class for warning categories.

Method resolution order:: Warning; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError)

Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.

Method resolution order:: ZeroDivisionError; ArithmeticError; Exception; BaseException; object

Methods defined here:

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from BaseException:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setstate__(self, object, /)

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

add_note(self, object, /): Exception.add_note(note) --
add a note to the exception

with_traceback(self, object, /): Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:

__cause__: exception cause

__context__: exception context

__dict__

__suppress_context__

__traceback__

args

class bool(int)

bool(object=False, /)

Returns True when the argument is true, False otherwise.
The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.

Method resolution order:: bool; int; object

Methods defined here:

__and__(self, value, /): Return self&value.

__invert__(self, /): ~self

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__rand__(self, value, /): Return value&self.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__rxor__(self, value, /): Return value^self.

__xor__(self, value, /): Return self^value.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Methods inherited from int:

__abs__(self, /): abs(self)

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__bool__(self, /): True if self else False

__ceil__(self, /): Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.

__divmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(self, value).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__float__(self, /): float(self)

__floor__(self, /): Flooring an Integral returns itself.

__floordiv__(self, value, /): Return self//value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Convert to a string according to format_spec.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__index__(self, /): Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.

__int__(self, /): int(self)

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lshift__(self, value, /): Return self<<value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__neg__(self, /): -self

__pos__(self, /): +self

__pow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(self, value, mod).

__radd__(self, value, /): Return value+self.

__rdivmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(value, self).

__rfloordiv__(self, value, /): Return value//self.

__rlshift__(self, value, /): Return value<<self.

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__round__(self, ndigits=<unrepresentable>, /): Rounding an Integral returns itself.

Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.

__rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(value, self, mod).

__rrshift__(self, value, /): Return value>>self.

__rshift__(self, value, /): Return self>>value.

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rtruediv__(self, value, /): Return value/self.

__sizeof__(self, /): Returns size in memory, in bytes.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__truediv__(self, value, /): Return self/value.

__trunc__(self, /): Truncating an Integral returns itself.

as_integer_ratio(self, /): Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.

The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.

>>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
(-10, 1)
>>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)

bit_count(self, /): Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.

Also known as the population count.

>>> bin(13)
'0b1101'
>>> (13).bit_count()
3

bit_length(self, /): Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.

>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6

conjugate(self, /): Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.

is_integer(self, /): Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.

to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False): Return an array of bytes representing an integer.

length
  Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
  integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
  is length 1.
byteorder
  The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
  the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
  byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
  byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
  sys.byteorder as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
signed
  Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
  If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
  is raised.

Class methods inherited from int:

from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False): Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.

bytes
  Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
  support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
  Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
  buffer protocol.
byteorder
  The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
  the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
  byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
  byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
  sys.byteorder as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
signed
  Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.

Data descriptors inherited from int:

denominator: the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms

imag: the imaginary part of a complex number

numerator: the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms

real: the real part of a complex number

class bytearray(object)

bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray
bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray
bytearray(bytes_or_buffer) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
bytearray(int) -> bytes array of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
bytearray() -> empty bytes array

Construct a mutable bytearray object from:
  - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
  - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
  - a bytes or a buffer object
  - any object implementing the buffer API.
  - an integer

Methods defined here:

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__alloc__(self, /): B.__alloc__() -> int

Return the number of bytes actually allocated.

__buffer__(self, flags, /): Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__delitem__(self, key, /): Delete self[key].

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__iadd__(self, value, /): Implement self+=value.

__imul__(self, value, /): Implement self*=value.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__reduce_ex__(self, proto=0, /): Return state information for pickling.

__release_buffer__(self, buffer, /): Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__setitem__(self, key, value, /): Set self[key] to value.

__sizeof__(self, /): Returns the size of the bytearray object in memory, in bytes.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

append(self, item, /): Append a single item to the end of the bytearray.

item
The item to be appended.

capitalize(self, /): B.capitalize() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
and the rest lower-cased.

center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a centered string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

clear(self, /): Remove all items from the bytearray.

copy(self, /): Return a copy of B.

count(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection 'sub' in bytes B[start:end].

start
Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
end
Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): Decode the bytearray using the codec registered for encoding.

encoding
  The encoding with which to decode the bytearray.
errors
  The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
  The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
  UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
  as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
  can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.

endswith(self, suffix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the bytearray ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.

suffix
  A bytes or a tuple of bytes to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the bytearray.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytearray.

expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8): Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.

If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.

extend(self, iterable_of_ints, /): Append all the items from the iterator or sequence to the end of the bytearray.

iterable_of_ints
The iterable of items to append.

find(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start:end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Return -1 on failure.

hex(self, /, sep=<unrepresentable>, bytes_per_sep=1): Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytearray object.

  sep
    An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
  bytes_per_sep
    How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
    right, negative values count from the left.

Example:
>>> value = bytearray([0xb9, 0x01, 0xef])
>>> value.hex()
'b901ef'
>>> value.hex(':')
'b9:01:ef'
>>> value.hex(':', 2)
'b9:01ef'
>>> value.hex(':', -2)
'b901:ef'

index(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start:end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Raise ValueError if the subsection is not found.

insert(self, index, item, /): Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index.

index
The index where the value is to be inserted.
item
The item to be inserted.

isalnum(self, /): B.isalnum() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

isalpha(self, /): B.isalpha() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

isascii(self, /): B.isascii() -> bool

Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
False otherwise.

isdigit(self, /): B.isdigit() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are digits
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

islower(self, /): B.islower() -> bool

Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.

isspace(self, /): B.isspace() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

istitle(self, /): B.istitle() -> bool

Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.

isupper(self, /): B.isupper() -> bool

Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.

join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /): Concatenate any number of bytes/bytearray objects.

The bytearray whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.

The result is returned as a new bytearray object.

ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a left-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

lower(self, /): B.lower() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.

lstrip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.

partition(self, sep, /): Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray. If the separator is
found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the
separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray objects.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the copy of the
original bytearray object and two empty bytearray objects.

pop(self, index=-1, /): Remove and return a single item from B.

  index
    The index from where to remove the item.
    -1 (the default value) means remove the last item.

If no index argument is given, will pop the last item.

remove(self, value, /): Remove the first occurrence of a value in the bytearray.

value
The value to remove.

removeprefix(self, prefix, /): Return a bytearray with the given prefix string removed if present.

If the bytearray starts with the prefix string, return
bytearray[len(prefix):]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
bytearray.

removesuffix(self, suffix, /): Return a bytearray with the given suffix string removed if present.

If the bytearray ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not
empty, return bytearray[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of
the original bytearray.

replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /): Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.

  count
    Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
    -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.

If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
replaced.

reverse(self, /): Reverse the order of the values in B in place.

rfind(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start:end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Return -1 on failure.

rindex(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start:end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Raise ValueError if the subsection is not found.

rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a right-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

rpartition(self, sep, /): Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray, starting at the end.
If the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
separator, the separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray
objects.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytearray
objects and the copy of the original bytearray object.

rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.

  sep
    The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
    None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
    (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
  maxsplit
    Maximum number of splits to do.
    -1 (the default value) means no limit.

Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytearray and working to the front.

rstrip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.

split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.

sep
  The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.
  None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
  (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
maxsplit
  Maximum number of splits to do.
  -1 (the default value) means no limit.

splitlines(self, /, keepends=False): Return a list of the lines in the bytearray, breaking at line boundaries.

Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
true.

startswith(self, prefix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the bytearray starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.

prefix
  A bytes or a tuple of bytes to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the bytearray.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytearray.

strip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.

swapcase(self, /): B.swapcase() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.

title(self, /): B.title() -> copy of B

Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.

translate(self, table, /, delete=b''): Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.

table
Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.

All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.

upper(self, /): B.upper() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.

zfill(self, width, /): Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.

The original string is never truncated.

Class methods defined here:

fromhex(string, /): Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.

Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef')

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

maketrans(frm, to, /): Return a translation table usable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.

The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
the same position in to.

The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

Data and other attributes defined here:

__hash__ = None

class bytes(object)

bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes
bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes
bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer
bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes
bytes() -> empty bytes object

Construct an immutable array of bytes from:
  - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
  - a text string encoded using the specified encoding
  - any object implementing the buffer API.
  - an integer

Methods defined here:

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__buffer__(self, flags, /): Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.

__bytes__(self, /): Convert this value to exact type bytes.

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

capitalize(self, /): B.capitalize() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)
and the rest lower-cased.

center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a centered string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

count(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection 'sub' in bytes B[start:end].

start
Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
end
Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.

encoding
  The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
errors
  The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
  The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
  UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
  as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
  can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.

endswith(self, suffix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the bytes ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.

suffix
  A bytes or a tuple of bytes to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8): Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.

If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.

find(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start,end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Return -1 on failure.

hex(self, /, sep=<unrepresentable>, bytes_per_sep=1): Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.

  sep
    An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
  bytes_per_sep
    How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
    right, negative values count from the left.

Example:
>>> value = b'\xb9\x01\xef'
>>> value.hex()
'b901ef'
>>> value.hex(':')
'b9:01:ef'
>>> value.hex(':', 2)
'b9:01ef'
>>> value.hex(':', -2)
'b901:ef'

index(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start,end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Raise ValueError if the subsection is not found.

isalnum(self, /): B.isalnum() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

isalpha(self, /): B.isalpha() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

isascii(self, /): B.isascii() -> bool

Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,
False otherwise.

isdigit(self, /): B.isdigit() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are digits
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

islower(self, /): B.islower() -> bool

Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.

isspace(self, /): B.isspace() -> bool

Return True if all characters in B are whitespace
and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.

istitle(self, /): B.istitle() -> bool

Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.

isupper(self, /): B.isupper() -> bool

Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.

join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /): Concatenate any number of bytes objects.

The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.

The result is returned as a new bytes object.

Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.

ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a left-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

lower(self, /): B.lower() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.

lstrip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.

partition(self, sep, /): Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
itself, and the part after it.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
object and two empty bytes objects.

removeprefix(self, prefix, /): Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.

If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].
Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.

removesuffix(self, suffix, /): Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.

If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
return bytes[:-len(prefix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
bytes.

replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /): Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.

  count
    Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
    -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.

If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
replaced.

rfind(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start,end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Return -1 on failure.

rindex(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in B where subsection 'sub' is found, such that 'sub' is contained within B[start,end].

  start
    Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
  end
    Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

Raise ValueError if the subsection is not found.

rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /): Return a right-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character.

rpartition(self, sep, /): Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
objects and the original bytes object.

rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.

  sep
    The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
    None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
    (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
  maxsplit
    Maximum number of splits to do.
    -1 (the default value) means no limit.

Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.

rstrip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.

split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.

sep
  The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
  None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
  (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
maxsplit
  Maximum number of splits to do.
  -1 (the default value) means no limit.

splitlines(self, /, keepends=False): Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.

Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
true.

startswith(self, prefix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the bytes starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.

prefix
  A bytes or a tuple of bytes to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the bytes.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the bytes.

strip(self, bytes=None, /): Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.

If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.

swapcase(self, /): B.swapcase() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted
to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.

title(self, /): B.title() -> copy of B

Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.

translate(self, table, /, delete=b''): Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.

table
Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.

All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.

upper(self, /): B.upper() -> copy of B

Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.

zfill(self, width, /): Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.

The original string is never truncated.

Class methods defined here:

fromhex(string, /): Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.

Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

maketrans(frm, to, /): Return a translation table usable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.

The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
the same position in to.

The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.

class classmethod(object)

classmethod(function, /)

Convert a function to be a class method.

A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
just like an instance method receives the instance.
To declare a class method, use this idiom:

  class C:
      @classmethod
      def f(cls, arg1, arg2, argN):
          ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
object is passed as the implied first argument.

Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.

Methods defined here:

__get__(self, instance, owner=None, /): Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__dict__

__func__

__isabstractmethod__

__wrapped__

class complex(object)

complex(real=0, imag=0)

Create a complex number from a string or numbers.

If a string is given, parse it as a complex number.
If a single number is given, convert it to a complex number.
If the 'real' or 'imag' arguments are given, create a complex number
with the specified real and imaginary components.

Methods defined here:

__abs__(self, /): abs(self)

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__bool__(self, /): True if self else False

__complex__(self, /): Convert this value to exact type complex.

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Convert to a string according to format_spec.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__neg__(self, /): -self

__pos__(self, /): +self

__pow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(self, value, mod).

__radd__(self, value, /): Return value+self.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(value, self, mod).

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rtruediv__(self, value, /): Return value/self.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__truediv__(self, value, /): Return self/value.

conjugate(self, /): Return the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

imag: the imaginary part of a complex number

real: the real part of a complex number

class dict(object)

dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
    (key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
    d = {}
    for k, v in iterable:
        d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
    in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)

Methods defined here:

__contains__(self, key, /): True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.

__delitem__(self, key, /): Delete self[key].

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__ior__(self, value, /): Return self|=value.

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__reversed__(self, /): Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__setitem__(self, key, value, /): Set self[key] to value.

__sizeof__(self, /): Return the size of the dict in memory, in bytes.

clear(self, /): Remove all items from the dict.

copy(self, /): Return a shallow copy of the dict.

get(self, key, default=None, /): Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.

items(self, /): Return a set-like object providing a view on the dict's items.

keys(self, /): Return a set-like object providing a view on the dict's keys.

pop(self, key, default=<unrepresentable>, /): D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,
raise a KeyError.

popitem(self, /): Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.

Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.
Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.

setdefault(self, key, default=None, /): Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.

Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.

update(...): D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.
If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E.keys(): D[k] = E[k]
If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]

values(self, /): Return an object providing a view on the dict's values.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /): Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data and other attributes defined here:

__hash__ = None

class enumerate(object)

enumerate(iterable, start=0)

Return an enumerate object.

  iterable
    an object supporting iteration

The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which
defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.

enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
    (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__next__(self, /): Implement next(self).

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class filter(object)

filter(function, iterable, /)

Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)
is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__next__(self, /): Implement next(self).

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class float(object)

float(x=0, /)

Convert a string or number to a floating-point number, if possible.

Methods defined here:

__abs__(self, /): abs(self)

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__bool__(self, /): True if self else False

__ceil__(self, /): Return the ceiling as an Integral.

__divmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(self, value).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__float__(self, /): float(self)

__floor__(self, /): Return the floor as an Integral.

__floordiv__(self, value, /): Return self//value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Formats the float according to format_spec.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__int__(self, /): int(self)

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__neg__(self, /): -self

__pos__(self, /): +self

__pow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(self, value, mod).

__radd__(self, value, /): Return value+self.

__rdivmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(value, self).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rfloordiv__(self, value, /): Return value//self.

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__round__(self, ndigits=None, /): Return the Integral closest to x, rounding half toward even.

When an argument is passed, work like built-in round(x, ndigits).

__rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(value, self, mod).

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rtruediv__(self, value, /): Return value/self.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__truediv__(self, value, /): Return self/value.

__trunc__(self, /): Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x.

as_integer_ratio(self, /): Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float.

The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raise
OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.

>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)
>>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
(-1, 4)

conjugate(self, /): Return self, the complex conjugate of any float.

hex(self, /): Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.

>>> (-0.1).hex()
'-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
>>> 3.14159.hex()
'0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'

is_integer(self, /): Return True if the float is an integer.

Class methods defined here:

__getformat__(typestr, /): You probably don't want to use this function.

typestr
Must be 'double' or 'float'.

It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.

This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE,
little-endian' best describes the format of floating-point numbers used by the
C type named by typestr.

fromhex(string, /): Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.

>>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
2047.984375
>>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
-5e-324

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

imag: the imaginary part of a complex number

real: the real part of a complex number

class frozenset(object)

frozenset(iterable=(), /)

Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.

Methods defined here:

__and__(self, value, /): Return self&value.

__contains__(self, object, /): x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__rand__(self, value, /): Return value&self.

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rxor__(self, value, /): Return value^self.

__sizeof__(self, /): S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__xor__(self, value, /): Return self^value.

copy(self, /): Return a shallow copy of a set.

difference(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements in the set that are not in the others.

intersection(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements common to the set and all others.

isdisjoint(self, other, /): Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

issubset(self, other, /): Report whether another set contains this set.

issuperset(self, other, /): Report whether this set contains another set.

symmetric_difference(self, other, /): Return a new set with elements in either the set or other but not both.

union(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements from the set and all others.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class int(object)

int([x]) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating-point
numbers, this truncates towards zero.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4

Methods defined here:

__abs__(self, /): abs(self)

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__and__(self, value, /): Return self&value.

__bool__(self, /): True if self else False

__ceil__(self, /): Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.

__divmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(self, value).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__float__(self, /): float(self)

__floor__(self, /): Flooring an Integral returns itself.

__floordiv__(self, value, /): Return self//value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Convert to a string according to format_spec.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__index__(self, /): Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.

__int__(self, /): int(self)

__invert__(self, /): ~self

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lshift__(self, value, /): Return self<<value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__neg__(self, /): -self

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__pos__(self, /): +self

__pow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(self, value, mod).

__radd__(self, value, /): Return value+self.

__rand__(self, value, /): Return value&self.

__rdivmod__(self, value, /): Return divmod(value, self).

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rfloordiv__(self, value, /): Return value//self.

__rlshift__(self, value, /): Return value<<self.

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__round__(self, ndigits=<unrepresentable>, /): Rounding an Integral returns itself.

Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.

__rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /): Return pow(value, self, mod).

__rrshift__(self, value, /): Return value>>self.

__rshift__(self, value, /): Return self>>value.

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rtruediv__(self, value, /): Return value/self.

__rxor__(self, value, /): Return value^self.

__sizeof__(self, /): Returns size in memory, in bytes.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__truediv__(self, value, /): Return self/value.

__trunc__(self, /): Truncating an Integral returns itself.

__xor__(self, value, /): Return self^value.

as_integer_ratio(self, /): Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original int.

The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.

>>> (10).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()
(-10, 1)
>>> (0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)

bit_count(self, /): Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.

Also known as the population count.

>>> bin(13)
'0b1101'
>>> (13).bit_count()
3

bit_length(self, /): Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.

>>> bin(37)
'0b100101'
>>> (37).bit_length()
6

conjugate(self, /): Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.

is_integer(self, /): Returns True. Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer.

to_bytes(self, /, length=1, byteorder='big', *, signed=False): Return an array of bytes representing an integer.

length
  Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the
  integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.  Default
  is length 1.
byteorder
  The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
  the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
  byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
  byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
  sys.byteorder as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
signed
  Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.
  If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError
  is raised.

Class methods defined here:

from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big', *, signed=False): Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.

bytes
  Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either
  support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.
  Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the
  buffer protocol.
byteorder
  The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',
  the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If
  byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the
  byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use
  sys.byteorder as the byte order value.  Default is to use 'big'.
signed
  Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

denominator: the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms

imag: the imaginary part of a complex number

numerator: the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms

real: the real part of a complex number

class list(object)

list(iterable=(), /)

Built-in mutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
The argument must be an iterable if specified.

Methods defined here:

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__delitem__(self, key, /): Delete self[key].

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, index, /): Return self[index].

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__iadd__(self, value, /): Implement self+=value.

__imul__(self, value, /): Implement self*=value.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__reversed__(self, /): Return a reverse iterator over the list.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__setitem__(self, key, value, /): Set self[key] to value.

__sizeof__(self, /): Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.

append(self, object, /): Append object to the end of the list.

clear(self, /): Remove all items from list.

copy(self, /): Return a shallow copy of the list.

count(self, value, /): Return number of occurrences of value.

extend(self, iterable, /): Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.

index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /): Return first index of value.

Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

insert(self, index, object, /): Insert object before index.

pop(self, index=-1, /): Remove and return item at index (default last).

Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.

remove(self, value, /): Remove first occurrence of value.

Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

reverse(self, /): Reverse *IN PLACE*.

sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False): Sort the list in ascending order and return None.

The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the
order of two equal elements is maintained).

If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,
ascending or descending, according to their function values.

The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data and other attributes defined here:

__hash__ = None

class map(object)

map(function, iterable, /, *iterables)

Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from
each of the iterables. Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__next__(self, /): Implement next(self).

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class memoryview(object)

memoryview(object)

Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.

Methods defined here:

__buffer__(self, flags, /): Return a buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.

__delitem__(self, key, /): Delete self[key].

__enter__(self, /)

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__exit__(self, /, *exc_info): Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__release_buffer__(self, buffer, /): Release the buffer object that exposes the underlying memory of the object.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setitem__(self, key, value, /): Set self[key] to value.

cast(self, /, format, shape=<unrepresentable>): Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape.

hex(self, /, sep=<unrepresentable>, bytes_per_sep=1): Return the data in the buffer as a str of hexadecimal numbers.

  sep
    An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.
  bytes_per_sep
    How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the
    right, negative values count from the left.

Example:
>>> value = memoryview(b'\xb9\x01\xef')
>>> value.hex()
'b901ef'
>>> value.hex(':')
'b9:01:ef'
>>> value.hex(':', 2)
'b9:01ef'
>>> value.hex(':', -2)
'b901:ef'

release(self, /): Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.

tobytes(self, /, order='C'): Return the data in the buffer as a byte string.

Order can be {'C', 'F', 'A'}. When order is 'C' or 'F', the data of the
original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views,
'A' returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory
Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted
to C first. order=None is the same as order='C'.

tolist(self, /): Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements.

toreadonly(self, /): Return a readonly version of the memoryview.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

c_contiguous: A bool indicating whether the memory is C contiguous.

contiguous: A bool indicating whether the memory is contiguous.

f_contiguous: A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.

format: A string containing the format (in struct module style)
for each element in the view.

itemsize: The size in bytes of each element of the memoryview.

nbytes: The amount of space in bytes that the array would use in
a contiguous representation.

ndim: An integer indicating how many dimensions of a multi-dimensional
array the memory represents.

obj: The underlying object of the memoryview.

readonly: A bool indicating whether the memory is read only.

shape: A tuple of ndim integers giving the shape of the memory
as an N-dimensional array.

strides: A tuple of ndim integers giving the size in bytes to access
each element for each dimension of the array.

suboffsets: A tuple of integers used internally for PIL-style arrays.

class object

The base class of the class hierarchy.

When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.

Methods defined here:

__delattr__(self, name, /): Implement delattr(self, name).

__dir__(self, /): Default dir() implementation.

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Default object formatter.

Return str(self) if format_spec is empty. Raise TypeError otherwise.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getstate__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__setattr__(self, name, value, /): Implement setattr(self, name, value).

__sizeof__(self, /): Size of object in memory, in bytes.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

Class methods defined here:

__init_subclass__(): This method is called when a class is subclassed.

The default implementation does nothing. It may be
overridden to extend subclasses.

__subclasshook__(object, /): Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().

This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data and other attributes defined here:

__class__ = <class 'type'>: type(object) -> the object's type
type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type

class property(object)

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

Property attribute.

  fget
    function to be used for getting an attribute value
  fset
    function to be used for setting an attribute value
  fdel
    function to be used for del'ing an attribute
  doc
    docstring

Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:

class C(object):
    def getx(self): return self._x
    def setx(self, value): self._x = value
    def delx(self): del self._x
    x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")

Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:

class C(object):
    @property
    def x(self):
        "I am the 'x' property."
        return self._x
    @x.setter
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value
    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

Methods defined here:

__delete__(self, instance, /): Delete an attribute of instance.

__get__(self, instance, owner=None, /): Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__set__(self, instance, value, /): Set an attribute of instance to value.

__set_name__(self, owner, name, /): Method to set name of a property.

deleter(self, object, /): Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.

getter(self, object, /): Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.

setter(self, object, /): Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__isabstractmethod__

fdel

fget

fset

class range(object)

range(stop) -> range object
range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object

Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)
to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.
start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.
These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.
When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).

Methods defined here:

__bool__(self, /): True if self else False

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__reduce__(self, /): Helper for pickle.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__reversed__(self, /): Return a reverse iterator.

count(self, object, /): rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value

index(self, object, /): rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.
Raise ValueError if the value is not present.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

start

step

stop

class reversed(object)

reversed(sequence, /)

Return a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence.

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__length_hint__(self, /): Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).

__next__(self, /): Implement next(self).

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__setstate__(self, object, /): Set state information for unpickling.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class set(object)

set(iterable=(), /)

Build an unordered collection of unique elements.

Methods defined here:

__and__(self, value, /): Return self&value.

__contains__(self, object, /): x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__iand__(self, value, /): Return self&=value.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__ior__(self, value, /): Return self|=value.

__isub__(self, value, /): Return self-=value.

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__ixor__(self, value, /): Return self^=value.

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__rand__(self, value, /): Return value&self.

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__rsub__(self, value, /): Return value-self.

__rxor__(self, value, /): Return value^self.

__sizeof__(self, /): S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes.

__sub__(self, value, /): Return self-value.

__xor__(self, value, /): Return self^value.

add(self, object, /): Add an element to a set.

This has no effect if the element is already present.

clear(self, /): Remove all elements from this set.

copy(self, /): Return a shallow copy of a set.

difference(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements in the set that are not in the others.

difference_update(self, /, *others): Update the set, removing elements found in others.

discard(self, object, /): Remove an element from a set if it is a member.

Unlike set.remove(), the discard() method does not raise
an exception when an element is missing from the set.

intersection(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements common to the set and all others.

intersection_update(self, /, *others): Update the set, keeping only elements found in it and all others.

isdisjoint(self, other, /): Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

issubset(self, other, /): Report whether another set contains this set.

issuperset(self, other, /): Report whether this set contains another set.

pop(self, /): Remove and return an arbitrary set element.

Raises KeyError if the set is empty.

remove(self, object, /): Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.

If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.

symmetric_difference(self, other, /): Return a new set with elements in either the set or other but not both.

symmetric_difference_update(self, other, /): Update the set, keeping only elements found in either set, but not in both.

union(self, /, *others): Return a new set with elements from the set and all others.

update(self, /, *others): Update the set, adding elements from all others.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data and other attributes defined here:

__hash__ = None

class slice(object)

slice(stop)
slice(start, stop[, step])

Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).

Methods defined here:

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

indices(self, object, /): S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)

Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop
indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by
S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the
handling of normal slices.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

start

step

stop

class staticmethod(object)

staticmethod(function, /)

Convert a function to be a static method.

A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
To declare a static method, use this idiom:

     class C:
         @staticmethod
         def f(arg1, arg2, argN):
             ...

It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and
neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.

Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.

Methods defined here:

__call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Call self as a function.

__get__(self, instance, owner=None, /): Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__dict__

__func__

__isabstractmethod__

__wrapped__

class str(object)

str(object='') -> str
str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str

Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to 'utf-8'.
errors defaults to 'strict'.

Methods defined here:

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__format__(self, format_spec, /): Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mod__(self, value, /): Return self%value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rmod__(self, value, /): Return value%self.

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

__sizeof__(self, /): Return the size of the string in memory, in bytes.

__str__(self, /): Return str(self).

capitalize(self, /): Return a capitalized version of the string.

More specifically, make the first character have upper case and the rest lower
case.

casefold(self, /): Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.

center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): Return a centered string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).

count(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in string S[start:end].

Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.

encoding
  The encoding in which to encode the string.
errors
  The error handling scheme to use for encoding errors.
  The default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a
  UnicodeEncodeError.  Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
  'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
  codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.

endswith(self, suffix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the string ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.

suffix
  A string or a tuple of strings to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the string.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the string.

expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8): Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.

If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.

find(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end].

Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.

format(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Return a formatted version of the string, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').

format_map(self, mapping, /): Return a formatted version of the string, using substitutions from mapping.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').

index(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end].

Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.

isalnum(self, /): Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.

A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and
there is at least one character in the string.

isalpha(self, /): Return True if the string is an alphabetic string, False otherwise.

A string is alphabetic if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
is at least one character in the string.

isascii(self, /): Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.

ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F.
Empty string is ASCII too.

isdecimal(self, /): Return True if the string is a decimal string, False otherwise.

A string is a decimal string if all characters in the string are decimal and
there is at least one character in the string.

isdigit(self, /): Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.

A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there
is at least one character in the string.

isidentifier(self, /): Return True if the string is a valid Python identifier, False otherwise.

Call keyword.iskeyword(s) to test whether string s is a reserved identifier,
such as "def" or "class".

islower(self, /): Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.

A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
there is at least one cased character in the string.

isnumeric(self, /): Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.

A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at
least one character in the string.

isprintable(self, /): Return True if all characters in the string are printable, False otherwise.

A character is printable if repr() may use it in its output.

isspace(self, /): Return True if the string is a whitespace string, False otherwise.

A string is whitespace if all characters in the string are whitespace and there
is at least one character in the string.

istitle(self, /): Return True if the string is a title-cased string, False otherwise.

In a title-cased string, upper- and title-case characters may only
follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.

isupper(self, /): Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.

A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
there is at least one cased character in the string.

join(self, iterable, /): Concatenate any number of strings.

The string whose method is called is inserted in between each given string.
The result is returned as a new string.

Example: '.'.join(['ab', 'pq', 'rs']) -> 'ab.pq.rs'

ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): Return a left-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).

lower(self, /): Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.

lstrip(self, chars=None, /): Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

partition(self, sep, /): Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator in the string. If the separator is found,
returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
itself, and the part after it.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original string
and two empty strings.

removeprefix(self, prefix, /): Return a str with the given prefix string removed if present.

If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].
Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.

removesuffix(self, suffix, /): Return a str with the given suffix string removed if present.

If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,
return string[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original
string.

replace(self, old, new, /, count=-1): Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.

  count
    Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
    -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.

If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
replaced.

rfind(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end].

Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure.

rindex(self, sub[, start[, end]], /): Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end].

Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.

rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /): Return a right-justified string of length width.

Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).

rpartition(self, sep, /): Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.

This will search for the separator in the string, starting at the end. If
the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.

If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty strings
and the original string.

rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.

  sep
    The separator used to split the string.

    When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
    character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
    empty strings from the result.
  maxsplit
    Maximum number of splits.
    -1 (the default value) means no limit.

Splitting starts at the end of the string and works to the front.

rstrip(self, chars=None, /): Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.

  sep
    The separator used to split the string.

    When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace
    character (including \n \r \t \f and spaces) and will discard
    empty strings from the result.
  maxsplit
    Maximum number of splits.
    -1 (the default value) means no limit.

Splitting starts at the front of the string and works to the end.

Note, str.split() is mainly useful for data that has been intentionally
delimited.  With natural text that includes punctuation, consider using
the regular expression module.

splitlines(self, /, keepends=False): Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.

Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
true.

startswith(self, prefix[, start[, end]], /): Return True if the string starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.

prefix
  A string or a tuple of strings to try.
start
  Optional start position. Default: start of the string.
end
  Optional stop position. Default: end of the string.

strip(self, chars=None, /): Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.

swapcase(self, /): Convert uppercase characters to lowercase and lowercase characters to uppercase.

title(self, /): Return a version of the string where each word is titlecased.

More specifically, words start with uppercased characters and all remaining
cased characters have lower case.

translate(self, table, /): Replace each character in the string using the given translation table.

  table
    Translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to
    Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.

The table must implement lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a
dictionary or list.  If this operation raises LookupError, the character is
left untouched.  Characters mapped to None are deleted.

upper(self, /): Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.

zfill(self, width, /): Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.

The string is never truncated.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

maketrans(x, y=<unrepresentable>, z=<unrepresentable>, /): Return a translation table usable for str.translate().

If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.

class super(object)

super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)
super(type) -> unbound super object
super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
class C(B):
    def meth(self, arg):
        super().meth(arg)
This works for class methods too:
class C(B):
    @classmethod
    def cmeth(cls, arg):
        super().cmeth(arg)

Methods defined here:

__get__(self, instance, owner=None, /): Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__self__: the instance invoking super(); may be None

__self_class__: the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None

__thisclass__: the class invoking super()

class tuple(object)

tuple(iterable=(), /)

Built-in immutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.
If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.

If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.

Methods defined here:

__add__(self, value, /): Return self+value.

__contains__(self, key, /): Return bool(key in self).

__eq__(self, value, /): Return self==value.

__ge__(self, value, /): Return self>=value.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__getitem__(self, key, /): Return self[key].

__getnewargs__(self, /)

__gt__(self, value, /): Return self>value.

__hash__(self, /): Return hash(self).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__le__(self, value, /): Return self<=value.

__len__(self, /): Return len(self).

__lt__(self, value, /): Return self<value.

__mul__(self, value, /): Return self*value.

__ne__(self, value, /): Return self!=value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__rmul__(self, value, /): Return value*self.

count(self, value, /): Return number of occurrences of value.

index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /): Return first index of value.

Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

Class methods defined here:

__class_getitem__(object, /): See PEP 585

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

class type(object)

type(object) -> the object's type
type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type

Methods defined here:

__call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Call self as a function.

__delattr__(self, name, /): Implement delattr(self, name).

__dir__(self, /): Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs): Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

__instancecheck__(self, instance, /): Check if an object is an instance.

__or__(self, value, /): Return self|value.

__repr__(self, /): Return repr(self).

__ror__(self, value, /): Return value|self.

__setattr__(self, name, value, /): Implement setattr(self, name, value).

__sizeof__(self, /): Return memory consumption of the type object.

__subclasscheck__(self, subclass, /): Check if a class is a subclass.

__subclasses__(self, /): Return a list of immediate subclasses.

mro(self, /): Return a type's method resolution order.

Class methods defined here:

__prepare__(name, bases, /, **kwds): Create the namespace for the class statement

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Data descriptors defined here:

__abstractmethods__

__annotations__

__dict__

__text_signature__

Data and other attributes defined here:

__base__ = <class 'object'>: The base class of the class hierarchy.

When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.

__bases__ = (<class 'object'>,)

__basicsize__ = 928

__dictoffset__ = 264

__flags__ = 2155896066

__itemsize__ = 40

__mro__ = (<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)

__type_params__ = ()

__weakrefoffset__ = 368

class zip(object)

zip(*iterables, strict=False)

The zip object yields n-length tuples, where n is the number of iterables
passed as positional arguments to zip().  The i-th element in every tuple
comes from the i-th iterable argument to zip().  This continues until the
shortest argument is exhausted.

If strict is true and one of the arguments is exhausted before the others,
raise a ValueError.

   >>> list(zip('abcdefg', range(3), range(4)))
   [('a', 0, 0), ('b', 1, 1), ('c', 2, 2)]

Methods defined here:

__getattribute__(self, name, /): Return getattr(self, name).

__iter__(self, /): Implement iter(self).

__next__(self, /): Implement next(self).

__reduce__(self, /): Return state information for pickling.

__setstate__(self, object, /): Set state information for unpickling.

Static methods defined here:

__new__(*args, **kwargs): Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.

Functions

__build_class__(...): __build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class

Internal helper function used by the class statement.

__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0): Import a module.

Because this function is meant for use by the Python
interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use
importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.

The globals argument is only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals argument is unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...``, or an
empty list to emulate ``import name``.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. The level argument is used to determine whether to
perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.

abs(x, /): Return the absolute value of the argument.

aiter(async_iterable, /): Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object.

all(iterable, /): Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.

If the iterable is empty, return True.

anext(aiterator, default=<unrepresentable>, /): Return the next item from the async iterator.

If default is given and the async iterator is exhausted,
it is returned instead of raising StopAsyncIteration.

any(iterable, /): Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.

If the iterable is empty, return False.

ascii(obj, /): Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.

As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \\x, \\u or \\U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.

bin(number, /): Return the binary representation of an integer.

>>> bin(2796202)
'0b1010101010101010101010'

breakpoint(*args, **kws): Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws). sys.breakpointhook() must accept
whatever arguments are passed.

By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.

callable(obj, /): Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).

Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a
__call__() method.

chr(i, /): Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.

compile( source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1 ): Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().

The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.

delattr(obj, name, /): Deletes the named attribute from the given object.

delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y``

dir(...): dir([object]) -> list of strings

If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
  for a module object: the module's attributes.
  for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes
    of its bases.
  for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
    recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.

divmod(x, y, /): Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.

eval(source, /, globals=None, locals=None): Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.

The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.

exec(source, /, globals=None, locals=None, *, closure=None): Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.

The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
The closure must be a tuple of cellvars, and can only be used
when source is a code object requiring exactly that many cellvars.

format(value, format_spec='', /): Return type(value).__format__(value, format_spec)

Many built-in types implement format_spec according to the
Format Specification Mini-language. See help('FORMATTING').

If type(value) does not supply a method named __format__
and format_spec is empty, then str(value) is returned.
See also help('SPECIALMETHODS').

getattr(...): getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value

Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.

globals(): Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.

NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current
global scope and vice-versa.

hasattr(obj, name, /): Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.

This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.

hash(obj, /): Return the hash value for the given object.

Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the
reverse is not necessarily true.

hex(number, /): Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.

>>> hex(12648430)
'0xc0ffee'

id(obj, /): Return the identity of an object.

This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.
(CPython uses the object's memory address.)

input(prompt='', /): Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.

The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
trailing newline before reading input.

If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On *nix systems, readline is used if available.

isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /): Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.

A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)
or ...`` etc.

issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /): Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.

A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to
check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)
or ...``.

iter(...): iter(iterable) -> iterator
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator

Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.

len(obj, /): Return the number of items in a container.

locals(): Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.

NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in
the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not
covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.

max(...): max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value

With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more positional arguments, return the largest argument.

min(...): min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value
min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value

With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The
default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if
the provided iterable is empty.
With two or more positional arguments, return the smallest argument.

next(...): next(iterator[, default])

Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator
is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.

oct(number, /): Return the octal representation of an integer.

>>> oct(342391)
'0o1234567'

ord(c, /): Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.

pow(base, exp, mod=None): Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments

Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
invoked using the three argument form.

print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False): Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

sep
  string inserted between values, default a space.
end
  string appended after the last value, default a newline.
file
  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
flush
  whether to forcibly flush the stream.

repr(obj, /): Return the canonical string representation of the object.

For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.

round(number, ndigits=None): Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.

The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None. Otherwise
the return value has the same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.

setattr(obj, name, value, /): Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.

setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v``

sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False): Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.

A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the
reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.

sum(iterable, /, start=0): Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers

When the iterable is empty, return the start value.
This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may
reject non-numeric types.

vars(...): vars([object]) -> dictionary

Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.

Data
		Ellipsis = Ellipsis False = False None = None NotImplemented = NotImplemented True = True __debug__ = True copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2024 Python Software Foundati...ematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. All Rights Reserved. credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen, Zope Corporatio...opment. See www.python.org for more information. exit = Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object. license = Type license() to see the full license text quit = Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit